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It was once fashionable in the diet industry to suggest things like “Eat breakfast like a king, eat lunch like a prince, and eat dinner like a pauper” or even, “Don’t eat after 6 pm.” At one time, I recommended a strategy I named calorie tapering (or carb tapering). This called for larger meals earlier in the day and smaller meals later in the day, or even no eating at night.
Interesting enough, these diet “timing” strategies were sometimes mocked as being fads or “bro science.” Now a new study suggests there may have been something to “front loading” calories all along.
Enormous amounts of observational research has shown that eating breakfast is associated with better weight loss, but whether breakfast eating is better for weight loss in a cause and effect sense has always been debatable.
In the past, eating more at specific times of the day was considered a priority; both the post-workout meal and breakfast have been referred to as “the most important meal of the day.”
More recently, opinions shifted to the consensus that nutrient timing matters, but is not the most important priority compared to overall calorie and macro intake for the whole day. Most evidence-based nutritionists and coaches now say that meal timing, size, and frequency should be left to personal preference, within appropriate limits.
A new study published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism suggests that nutrient timing (in this case, eating a larger meal at breakfast) does influence weight loss and calorie expenditure after all.
The subjects were 16 men who were not overweight. They were divided into two groups. Group one ate a low energy breakfast (only 11% of daily calories) and a high energy dinner (69% of daily calories). Group two ate a high energy breakfast and a low energy dinner in the same ratios.
The results: Diet-induced thermogenesis (“metabolism”) was 2.5 times higher after breakfast than after dinner, regardless of the calorie content. Hunger increased after low-calorie breakfasts and remained higher all day, while hunger decreased after high-calorie breakfasts. Subjects who ate the higher-calorie breakfast also had better blood glucose regulation and lower appetite for sweets later in the day.
The authors said that over the long term, this type of nutrient timing schedule (bigger breakfast, smaller dinner) might produce a lower calorie intake, higher energy expenditure, and lower body fat.
The abstract concludes, “Extensive breakfasting should be preferred over large dinner meals to prevent obesity and high blood glucose peaks even under conditions of a hypocaloric diet.”
In a news release, the lead author also said, “We recommend that patients with obesity as well as healthy people eat a large breakfast rather than a large dinner to reduce body weight and prevent metabolic diseases.”
It would be easy for fans of breakfast eating (like me) to use this study as evidence against any dietary protocol that allows or encourages skipping breakfast, as that’s how it appears at face value. However, there were some limitations to the study. Future studies of this kind should be longer in duration, with well-trained subjects, including women as well as men.
It’s also worth pointing out that plenty of people are successful at weight control without breakfast, including those on time-restricted feeding diets where calories are back-loaded (big dinner). That kind of diet is not for me, but for some people, it appears to fit their lifestyle, suit their preferences, is sustainable, and doesn’t cause hunger problems.
But there’s growing evidence that even if someone prefers a time-restricted, back-loaded feeding schedule, front-loading calories could be at least equally effective. Some scientists who study chronobiology and circadian rhythms are now starting to speculate that it’s better – they’re calling it early time restricted feeding.
At any rate, the idea that skipping breakfast is somehow superior for weight loss – an idea that was being pushed a lot in recent years – is not well-supported by science and never was.
Maybe the “skip breakfast” idea only got as popular as it did because trendy diets like intermittent fasting called for it. And perhaps if someone did want to skip a meal, it’s more convenient and socially suitable to skip it in the morning and eat like a king at dinner.
Let’s also not forget that good old bodybuilding nutrition, with 4 to 5 protein-containing meals spread evenly across the entire day, is still as effective as ever for fat loss. It’s also still the most popular diet strategy among physique athletes. In addition, research on protein metabolism suggest this approach is superior on the muscle-building side as compared to infrequent feeding or breakfasts that lack protein.
Bottom line: This study shows a favorable effect of putting more calories at breakfast, but we do have to acknowledge that nutrient timing of any kind is secondary in importance to overall daily calorie and macronutrient intake, and there’s more than one way to set up a daily eating schedule that works.
Weight loss is achieved by sustaining a calorie deficit, and whatever meal schedule and calorie timing helps you achieve that deficit the best (including by controlling hunger) is usually the right choice when weight loss is your goal.
Train hard and expect success,
Tom Venuto,
Founder, Burn the Fat Inner Circle
Author, Burn the Fat, Feed the Muscle
Author, Burn the Fat, Feed the Muscle Guide to Building Muscle With Progressive Overload Training
Scientific Reference:
Twice as High Diet-Induced Thermogenesis After Breakfast vs Dinner On High-Calorie as Well as Low-Calorie Meals. Richter J et al, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 105:3, e211-e221, 2020
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